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Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom is a 1984 American action-adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg. It is the second installment in the Indiana Jones franchise and a prequel to the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark, featuring Harrison Ford reprising his role as the title character. After arriving in North India, Indiana Jones is asked by desperate villagers to find a mystical stone and rescue their children from a Thuggee cult practicing child slavery, black magic and ritualistic human sacrifice in honor of the goddess Kali.
Executive producer and co-writer George Lucas made the film a prequel as he did not want the Nazis to be the villains again. After three rejected plot devices, Lucas wrote a film treatment that resembled the film's final storyline. Lawrence Kasdan, Lucas's collaborator on Raiders of the Lost Ark, turned down the offer to write the script, and Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz were hired as his replacements, with the screenplay partly based upon the 1939 film Gunga Din.[3]
The film was released to financial success but initial reviews were mixed, criticizing its dark tone and violence. However, critical opinion has improved since 1984, citing the film's intensity and imagination. In response to some of the more violent sequences in the film, and with similar complaints about Gremlins, Spielberg suggested that the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) alter its rating system, which it did within two months of the film's release, creating a new PG-13 rating.[4][a]
Plot[edit]
In 1935, Indiana Jones narrowly escapes the clutches of Lao Che, a crime boss in Shanghai, China. With his 11-year-old Chinese sidekick Short Round and the nightclub singer Willie Scott in tow, Indy flees Shanghai on an airplane that, unbeknownst to them, is owned by Lao Che. While the three of them are asleep on the plane, the pilots dump the fuel and parachute out, leaving the plane to crash over the Himalayas. Indy, Shorty, and Willie discover the sabotage and narrowly manage to escape by jumping out of the plane on an inflatable raft. They ride down the mountain slopes and fall into a raging river, eventually arriving at the village of Mayapore in northern India. The impoverished villagers believe the three to have been sent by Shiva to retrieve the sacred lingam stone stolen from their shrine, as well as the community's missing children, from evil forces in the nearby Pankot Palace. During the journey to Pankot, Indy hypothesizes that the stone may be one of the five fabled Sankara stones that promise fortune and glory.
The trio receive a warm welcome from the Prime Minister of Pankot Palace, Chattar Lal. The visitors are allowed to stay the night as guests, during which they attend a lavish but grotesque banquet given by the young Maharaja, Zalim Singh. Lal rebuffs Indy's questions about the villagers' claims and his theory that the ancient Thuggee cult is responsible for their troubles. Later that night, Indy is attacked by an assassin, leading Indy, Willie, and Shorty to believe that something is amiss. After Indy kills the assassin, they discover a series of tunnels hidden behind a statue in Willie's room and set out to explore them, overcoming a number of booby-traps along the way.
The trio eventually reach an underground temple where the Thuggees worship Kali with human sacrifice. They watch as the Thuggees chain one of their victims in a cage and slowly lower him into a ceremonial lava pit, burning him alive. They discover that the Thuggees, led by their high priest Mola Ram, are in possession of three of the five Sankara stones, and have enslaved the children to mine for the last two. As Indy tries to retrieve the stones, he, Willie, and Shorty are captured and separated. Indy is whipped and forced to drink a potion called the Blood of Kali, causing him to enter a trance-like state and mindlessly serve the Thuggees. Willie is prepared for sacrifice, while Shorty is whipped and put to work in the mines alongside the children. Shorty breaks free and escapes back into the temple, where he burns Indy with a torch to bring him back to his senses. After fighting off the guards and defeating Lal, Indy stops Willie's cage and cranks it out of the pit just in time to save her from the fire, while Mola Ram escapes. Indy retrieves the Sankara stones, and the three return to the mines to free the children. As Indy fights a hulking overseer, Singhâalso under Mola Ram's controlâtries to cripple him with a voodoo doll. Shorty knocks the doll away and burns him to break the trance, and a restored Indy escapes and leaves the overseer to die in a rock crusher.
The trio escape from the temple in a mine cart, pursued by Thuggees, while Mola Ram orders a water cistern dumped in an attempt to flood them out. After barely escaping the deluge, they are again cornered by Mola Ram and his henchmen on a rope bridge high above a crocodile-infested river. Indy cuts the bridge in half with one man's sword, leaving everyone to hang on for their lives. As he and Mola Ram struggle over the stones, he invokes the name of Shiva, causing them to glow white-hot. Mola Ram burns his hand on the stones, causing him to lose his grip and fall to his death; Indy catches the last one safely and climbs up as a company of British Indian Army riflemen, summoned by Singh, arrive and open fire on the Thuggee archers trying to shoot him. Indy, Willie, and Shorty return to Mayapore with the children and give the missing stone back to the villagers.
Cast[edit]
Additionally, Roy Chiao portrays Lao Che, a Shanghai crime boss who, with his sons, hires Indy to recover the cremated ashes of one of his ancestors, while David Yip portrays Wu Han, A friend of Indy. Raj Singh portrays Zalim Singh, the adolescent Maharajá of Pankot, and D. R. Nanayakkara portrays Shaman the leader of a small village that recruits Indy to retrieve their stolen sacred Shivalingam stone.
Actor Pat Roach plays the Thuggee overseer in the mines, Roach had previously appeared as a mechanic and the Grand Sherpa in Raiders of the Lost Ark. Spielberg, Lucas, Marshall, Kennedy, and Dan Aykroyd have cameos at the airport.[8]Tress MacNeille dubbed the voice of the first slave child in the prison scene, Katie Leigh dubbed the voice of Zalim Singh, the Maharajah of Pankot and Frank Oz dubbed the voice of the Thuggee overseer.
Production[edit]Development[edit]
Spielberg later recalled that when Lucas first approached him for Raiders of the Lost Ark, 'George said if I directed the first one then I would have to direct a trilogy. He had three stories in mind. It turned out George did not have three stories in mind and we had to make up subsequent stories.'[12] Both men later attributed the film's tone, which was darker than Raiders of the Lost Ark, to their personal moods following the breakups of their relationships.[13] In addition, Lucas felt 'it had to have been a dark film. The way Empire Strikes Back was the dark second act of the Star Wars trilogy.'[3]
Lucas set the film in an earlier year than the first to avoid repeating the use of Nazis as the villains.[13] Spielberg originally wanted to bring Marion Ravenwood back,[12] with Abner Ravenwood considered as a possible character.[3] In developing the story, Lucas conceived of an opening chase scene with Indiana Jones on a motorcycle on the Great Wall of China, followed by the discovery of a 'Lost World pastiche with a hidden valley inhabited by dinosaurs'.[8] Another idea was to feature the Monkey King as the plot device.[13] However, Chinese authorities refused permission for them to film in the country, requiring a different setting.[8] Lucas wrote a film treatment that included a haunted castle in Scotland, but Spielberg felt it was too similar to Poltergeist; so the setting transformed into a demonic temple in India.[3]
Lucas came up with ideas that involved a religious cult devoted to child slavery, black magic and ritual human sacrifice. Lawrence Kasdan of Raiders of the Lost Ark was asked to write the script. 'I didn't want to be associated with Temple of Doom,' he reflected. 'I just thought it was horrible. It's so mean. There's nothing pleasant about it. I think Temple of Doom represents a chaotic period in both their [Lucas and Spielberg] lives, and the movie is very ugly and mean-spirited.'[8] Lucas hired Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz to write the script because of their knowledge of Indian culture.[12]Gunga Din served as an influence for the film.[3]
Huyck and Katz spent four days at Skywalker Ranch for story discussions with Lucas and Spielberg in early 1982.[3] They later said the early plot consisted of two notions of Lucas': that Indy would recover something stolen from a village and decide whether to give it back, and that the picture would start in China and work its way to India. Huyck says Lucas was very single-minded about getting through meetings, while 'Steve would always stop and think about visual stuff.'[14]
Lucas' initial idea for Indiana's sidekick was a virginal young princess, but Huyck, Katz, and Spielberg disliked the idea.[10] Just as Indiana Jones was named after Lucas' Alaskan Malamute, the character of Willie was named after Spielberg's Cocker Spaniel, and Short Round was named after Huyck's dog, whose name was derived from The Steel Helmet.[3]
Lucas handed Huyck and Katz a 20-page treatment in May 1982 titled Indiana Jones and the Temple of Death to adapt into a screenplay.[3] Scenes such as the fight scene in Shanghai, the escape from the airplane, and the mine cart chase came from earlier scripts of Raiders of the Lost Ark.[15][16]
Lucas, Huyck, and Katz had been developing Radioland Murders (1994) since the early 1970s. The opening music was taken from that script and applied to Temple of Doom.[15] Spielberg reflected, 'George's idea was to start the movie with a musical number. He wanted to do a Busby Berkeley dance number. At all our story meetings he would say, 'Hey, Steven, you always said you wanted to shoot musicals.' I thought, 'Yeah, that could be fun.''[3]
Lucas, Spielberg, Katz, and Huyck were concerned how to keep the audience interest while explaining the Thuggee cult. Huyck and Katz proposed a tiger hunt but Spielberg said, 'There's no way I'm going to stay in India long enough to shoot a tiger hunt.' They eventually decided on a dinner scene involving eating bugs, monkey brains, and the like. 'Steve and George both still react like children, so their idea was to make it as gross as possible,' says Katz.[14]
Lucas sent Huyck and Katz a 500-page transcript of their taped conversations to help them with the script.[14] The first draft was written in six weeks, in early August 1982. 'Steve was coming off an enormously successful movie and George didn't want to lose him,' said Katz. 'He desperately wanted him to direct (Temple of Doom). We were under a lot of pressure to do it really, really fast so we could hold on to Steve.'[16]
A second draft was finished by September. Captain Blumburtt, Chattar Lal, and the boy Maharaja originally had more crucial roles. A dogfight was deleted, as well as those who drank the Kali blood turned into zombies with physical superhuman abilities. During pre-production, the Temple of Death title was replaced with Temple of Doom. From March to April 1983, Huyck and Katz simultaneously performed rewrites for a final shooting script.[3]
Huyck and Katz later said Harrison Ford took many of the one liners originally given to Short Round.[16]
Filming[edit]
Steven Spielberg and Chandran Rutnam on a location in Sri Lanka during the filming of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom.
Huyck later recalled 'at one point when we were writing it we told George 'We know a lot of Indians. We've been there... I don't think they're going to think this is really so cool. Do you think you're going to have trouble shooting there?' He said, 'Are you kidding? It's me and Steve.' Months later they called and said, 'We can't shoot in India. They're really upset.' So they shot in Sri Lanka and London, mostly.'[16]
The filmmakers were denied permission to film in North India and Amer Fort due to the government finding the script offensive.[8][12][15] The government demanded many script changes, rewritings and final cut privilege.[3] As a result, location work went to Kandy, Sri Lanka, with matte paintings and scale models applied for the village, temple, and Pankot Palace. Budgetary inflation also caused Temple of Doom to cost $28.17 million, $8 million more than Raiders of the Lost Ark.[15]Filming began on April 18, 1983 in Kandy,[17] and moved to Elstree Studios in Hertfordshire, England on May 5. Producer Frank Marshall recalled, 'when filming the bug scenes, crew members would go home and find bugs in their hair, clothes and shoes.'[17] Eight out of the nine sound stages at Elstree housed the filming of Temple of Doom. Lucas biographer Marcus Hearn observed, 'Douglas Slocombe's skillful lighting helped disguise the fact that about 80 percent of the film was shot with sound stages.'[18]
Harrison Ford with Chandran Rutnam on the set of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom which was shot in Kandy, Sri Lanka in 1983.
Danny Daniels choreographed the opening music number 'Anything Goes'. Capshaw learned to sing in Mandarin and took tap dance lessons. However the dress was fitted so tightly that Capshaw was not able to dance in it. Made by Barbara Matera out of original 1920s and 1930s beads, the dress was one of a kind. The opening dance number was actually the last scene to be shot, but the dress did feature in some earlier location shots in Sri Lanka, drying on a nearby tree. Unfortunately an elephant had started to eat it, tearing the whole back of the dress. Consequently, some emergency repair work had to be done by Matera with what remained of the original beads, and it was costume designerAnthony Powell who had to fill in the insurance forms. As to the reason for damage, he had no option but to put 'dress eaten by elephant'.[12]
Production designer Norman Reynolds could not return for Temple of Doom because of his commitment to Return to Oz. Elliot Scott (Labyrinth, Who Framed Roger Rabbit), Reynolds' mentor, was hired. To build the rope bridge the filmmakers found a group of British engineers from Balfour Beatty working on the nearby Victoria Dam.[3]Harrison Ford suffered a severe spinal disc herniation by performing a somersault while filming the scene with the assassin in Jones' bedroom. A hospital bed was brought on set for Ford to rest between takes. Lucas stated, 'He could barely stand up, yet he was there every day so shooting would not stop. He was in incomprehensible pain, but he was still trying to make it happen.'[8] With no alternatives, Lucas shut down production while Ford was flown to Centinela Hospital on June 21 for recovery.[17]Stunt doubleVic Armstrong spent five weeks as a stand-in for various shots. Wendy Leech, Armstrong's wife, served as Capshaw's stunt double.[19]
Macau (then a Portuguese colony) was substituted for Shanghai,[15] while cinematographer Douglas Slocombe caught fever from June 24 to July 7 and could not work. Ford returned on August 8. Despite the problems during filming, Spielberg was able to complete Temple of Doom on schedule and on budget, finishing principal photography on August 26.[17] Various pickups took place afterwards. This included Snake River Canyon, in Idaho, Mammoth Mountain, Tuolumne and American River, Yosemite National Park, San Joaquin Valley, Hamilton Air Force Base and Arizona.[2] Producer Frank Marshall directed a second unit in Florida in January 1984, using alligators to double as crocodiles.[2][13] The mine chase was a combination of a roller coaster and scale models with dolls doubling for the actors.[15] Minor stop motion was also used for the sequence. Visual effects supervisorsDennis Muren, Joe Johnston and a crew at Industrial Light & Magic provided the visual effects work,[20] while Skywalker Sound, headed by Ben Burtt, commissioned the sound design. Burtt recorded Willie Scott's scream and roller coasters at Disneyland Park in Anaheim for the mine cart scene.[21]
Editing[edit]
'After I showed the film to George [Lucas], at an hour and 55 minutes, we looked at each other,' Spielberg remembered. 'The first thing that we said was, 'Too fast'. We needed to decelerate the action. I did a few more matte shots to slow it down. We made it a little bit slower, by putting breathing room back in so there'd be a two-hour oxygen supply for the audience.'[2]
Release[edit]Box office[edit]
Temple of Doom was released on May 23, 1984 in America, accumulating a record-breaking $45.7 million in its first week.[18] The film went on to gross $333.1 million worldwide, with $180 million in North America and $153.1 million in other markets.[22] The film had the highest opening weekend of 1984, and was that year's highest-grossing film (third in North America, behind Beverly Hills Cop and Ghostbusters).[23] It was also the tenth highest-grossing film of all time during its release.[22] It sold an estimated 53,532,800 tickets in the United States.[24]
Promotion[edit]
Marvel Comics published a comic book adaptation of the film by writer David Michelinie and artists Jackson Guice, Ian Akin, Brian Garvey, and Bob Camp. It was published as Marvel Super Special #30[25] and as a three-issue limited series.[26]
LucasArts and Atari Games promoted the film by releasing an arcade game. Hasbro released a toy line based on the film in September 2008.[27]
Reception[edit]Critical response[edit]
The film received mixed reviews upon its release,[8] but over the years the film's reception has shifted to a more positive tone. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 85%, based on 66 reviews, with an average rating of 7.25/10. The site's critical consensus reads, 'It may be too 'dark' for some, but Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom remains an ingenious adventure spectacle that showcases one of Hollywood's finest filmmaking teams in vintage form.'[28] On Metacritic the film has a rating of 57 out of 100, based on reviews from 14 critics, indicating 'mixed or average reviews'.[29]
Roger Ebert gave the film a perfect four-star rating, calling it 'the most cheerfully exciting, bizarre, goofy, romantic adventure movie since Raiders, and it is high praise to say that it's not so much a sequel as an equal. It's quite an experience.'[30]Vincent Canby felt the film was 'too shapeless to be the fun that Raiders is, but shape may be beside the point. Old-time, 15-part movie serials didn't have shape. They just went on and on and on, which is what Temple of Doom does with humor and technical invention.'[31]Neal Gabler commented that 'I think in some ways, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom was better than Raiders of the Lost Ark. In some ways it was less. In sum total, I'd have to say I enjoyed it more. That doesn't mean it's better necessarily, but I got more enjoyment out of it.'[32] Colin Covert of the Star Tribune called the film 'sillier, darkly violent and a bit dumbed down, but still great fun.'[33]Pauline Kael, writing in The New Yorker, claimed it was 'one of the most sheerly pleasurable physical comedies ever made.'[34]Halliwell's Film Guide described the film as a 'slow-starting adventure romp with much ingenuity and too much brutality and horror.'[34]
Dave Kehr gave a largely negative review; 'The film betrays no human impulse higher than that of a ten-year-old boy trying to gross out his baby sister by dangling a dead worm in her face.'[35] Ralph Novak of People complained 'The ads that say 'this film may be too intense for younger children' are fraudulent. No parent should allow a young child to see this traumatizing movie; it would be a cinematic form of child abuse. Even Harrison Ford is required to slap Quan and abuse Capshaw. There are no heroes connected with the film, only two villains; their names are Steven Spielberg and George Lucas.'[15]The Observer described it as 'a thin, arch, graceless affair.'[34]The Guardian summarized it as 'a two-hour series of none too carefully linked chase sequences ... sitting on the edge of your seat gives you a sore bum but also a numb brain.'[34]Leonard Maltin gave the movie only 2 out of 4 stars, saying that the film is 'headache inducing' and 'never gives us a chance to breathe', and chiding the ''gross-out' gags.'[36]
Some of the film's cast and crew, including Spielberg, retrospectively view the film in a negative light, partly due to the film being the darkest and most overtly violent Indiana Jones film.[2] Both Lucas and Spielberg attributed the film's darkness to their relationship problems, Lucas divorce from Marcia Lucas and Spielberg's break up with Amy Irving, respectively.[37]
Kate Capshaw called her character 'not much more than a dumb screaming blonde.'[15] Steven Spielberg said in 1989, 'I wasn't happy with Temple of Doom at all. It was too dark, too subterranean, and much too horrific. I thought it out-poltered Poltergeist. There's not an ounce of my own personal feeling in Temple of Doom.' He later added during the Making of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom documentary, 'Temple of Doom is my least favorite of the trilogy. I look back and I say, 'Well the greatest thing that I got out of that was I met Kate Capshaw.' We married years later and that to me was the reason I was fated to make Temple of Doom.'[2]
In 2014, Time Out polled several film critics, directors, actors and stunt actors to list their top action films.[38]Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom was listed at 71st place on this list.[39]Vulture, in a 2015 compilation of Steven Spielberg's films ranked from worst to best, ranked Temple of Doom #11, stating that 'Jonathan Ke Quan's Short Round character is 'Mickey Rooney in Breakfast at Tiffany's'-level offensive, and, fine, Kate Capshaw is no Karen Allen. But other than that, this movie is nonstop adrenaline, with Spielberg hell-bent on topping Raiders' stunt sequences.'[40]
Awards[edit]
Dennis Muren and Industrial Light & Magic's visual effects department won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 57th Academy Awards. Soundtrack composer John Williams was, as he had been for his work on Raiders of the Lost Ark, again nominated for Original Music Score.[41] The visual effects crew won the same category at the 38th British Academy Film Awards. Cinematographer Douglas Slocombe, editor Michael Kahn, Ben Burtt and other sound designers at Skywalker Sound received nominations.[42] Spielberg, the writers, Harrison Ford, Jonathan Ke Quan, Anthony Powell and makeup designerTom Smith were nominated for their work at the Saturn Awards. Temple of Doom was nominated for Best Fantasy Film but lost to Ghostbusters.[43]
Youtube Free Indiana Jones MoviesControversy[edit]
Since its release in 1984 the film has also been the subject of controversy due to its portrayal of India and Hinduism.[44][45][46]
The depiction of Hindus caused controversy in India, and brought it to the attention of the country's censors, who placed a temporary ban on it.[44] The depiction of the goddess Kali as a representative of the underworld and evil was met with much criticism, as she is almost exclusively depicted as a goddess of change and empowerment (Shakti), meaning that while she does destroy, she almost always does so in order to effect positive change. The depiction of Indian cuisine was also criticized, as dishes such as baby snakes, eyeball soup, beetles, and chilled monkey brains are not actual Indian foods. Shashi Tharoor has condemned the film and has criticized numerous parts of the film as offensive and factually inaccurate.[45] Yvette Rosser has criticized the film for contributing to negative stereotypes of Indians in Western society, writing '[it] seems to have been taken as a valid portrayal of India by many teachers, since a large number of students surveyed complained that teachers referred to the eating of monkey brains.'[46]
Impact[edit]
In response to some of the more violent sequences in the film, and with similar complaints about Gremlins, Spielberg suggested that the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) alter its rating system by introducing an intermediary between the PG and R ratings. The MPAA concurred, and a new PG-13 rating was introduced two months after the film's release.[4][a]
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
Further reading[edit]
External links[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indiana_Jones_and_the_Temple_of_Doom&oldid=912500667'
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull is a 2008 American action-adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg and the fourth installment in the Indiana Jones series. Released nineteen years after the previous film, the film is set in 1957, pitting Indiana Jones (Harrison Ford) against Soviet agentsâled by Irina Spalko (Cate Blanchett)âsearching for a telepathiccrystal skull. Jones is aided by his former lover, Marion Ravenwood (Karen Allen), and her son, Mutt Williams (Shia LaBeouf). Ray Winstone, John Hurt, and Jim Broadbent are also part of the supporting cast.
Screenwriters Jeb Stuart, Jeffrey Boam, Frank Darabont, and Jeff Nathanson wrote drafts before David Koepp's script satisfied the producers. The filmmakers intended to pay tribute to the science fiction B-movies of the 1950s era. Shooting began on June 18, 2007, at various locations in New Mexico, New Haven, Connecticut, Hawaii, and Fresno, California, as well as on sound stages in Los Angeles. To maintain aesthetic continuity with the previous films, the crew relied on traditional stunt work instead of computer-generated stunt doubles, and cinematographerJanusz KamiÅski studied Douglas Slocombe's style from the previous films.
The film premiered at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival on May 18, 2008, and was released worldwide on May 22, 2008 to generally positive reviews with praise for the performances, action scenes, John Williams' musical score, and the costume design. Criticism, however, focused on the dialogue, storyline, pacing, and overuse of CGI. It was also a financial success like the previous three films in the series, grossing over $786 million worldwide, becoming the franchise's highest-grossing film when not adjusted for inflation, as well as the second-highest-grossing film of 2008. A fifth film is scheduled for release on July 9, 2021, with both Spielberg and Ford returning.[3]
Plot[edit]
In 1957, Indiana Jones and his partner George 'Mac' McHale are kidnapped by Soviet agents under Colonel Dr. Irina Spalko, who infiltrate a secret Nevada warehouse labeled 'Hangar 51' and force Jones to locate a mummified corpse (implied to come from the Roswell UFO incident, on which he was forced to work in 1947). Upon its discovery, Mac reveals he has become a double agent working for the Soviets. After an unsuccessful attempt to retrieve the body and a fight with Spalko's henchman Dovchenko, Jones escapes to a model town at the Nevada Test Site, minutes before an atomic bomb test. He quickly takes shelter in a lead-lined refrigerator and is rescued, decontaminated, and interrogated by FBI agents, who suspect him of working for the Soviets. Though freed on the recommendation of General Ross, he is put on indefinite leave of absence from Marshall College. His leaving also causes the dean's resignation to keep Indiana's job at the college.
Jones is approached by greaser Mutt Williams, who tells him that Harold Oxley found a crystal skull in Peru and was later kidnapped. Jones tells Mutt about the legend of crystal skulls found in Akator, and Mutt gives Jones a letter from his mother, containing a riddle written by Oxley in an ancient South American language. KGB agents attempt to capture them, but Jones and Mutt escape them and reach Peru. At the local psychiatric hospital, Oxley's scribbles on the walls and floor of his cell lead them to the grave of Francisco de Orellana, a Conquistador who searched for Akator. They discover the skull at the grave, with Jones reasoning that Oxley had returned it there.
Jones and Mutt are captured by Mac and the Soviets and taken to their camp in the Amazon jungle, where they find Oxley and Mutt's mother, Marion Ravenwood, who reveals that Mutt is Jonesâ son, Henry Jones III. Spalko believes the crystal skull belongs to an alien life form and holds great psychic power, and finding more skulls in Akator will grant the Soviets the advantage of psychic warfare. Spalko uses the skull on Jones to enable him to understand Oxley and identify a route to Akator. Jones and his allies try to escape, but Marion and Jones get caught in a dry sandpit, and are recaptured by the Soviets. While on their way to Akator, Mac tells Jones he is a CIA double-agent to regain Jones' trust. Jones and his team fight their way out of the Soviets' clutches, while Dovchenko is devoured by siafu ants. After surviving three waterfalls in an amphibious vehicle, Jones and Oxley identify a skull-like rock formation that leads them to Akator, unaware that Mac lied about being a CIA agent and has been dropping transceivers to allow the surviving Soviets to track them.
Jones' team evade the city's guardians, gain access to the temple, and find it filled with artifacts from many ancient civilizations, identifying the aliens as extra-dimensional 'archaeologists' studying the different cultures of Earth. They find and enter a chamber containing thirteen crystal skeletons, one missing its skull. Spalko arrives and presents the skull to its skeleton, whereupon the aliens reanimate and telepathically offer a reward in ancient Mayan through Oxley. Spalko immediately demands to know everything and the aliens transfer their knowledge into her mind. A portal to their dimension becomes activated, and the other remaining Soviets are drawn into it. As Jones, Marion, Mutt, and Oxley (who has regained his sanity) escape, the thirteen beings fuse into one, and in the process of receiving the overwhelming knowledge, Spalko is disintegrated and sucked into the portal. Mac is sucked in too after he willingly lets go of Jones' whip. Jones' team escape and watch as the city crumbles, revealing a flying saucer rising from under the ground and vanishing, while the hollow in the valley floor left by its departure is flooded by the waters of the Amazon.
The following year, Jones is reinstated at Marshall College and made an associate dean, and he and Marion are married.
Cast[edit]
Harrison Ford during the filming of the movie.
Additionally, Igor Jijikine portrays Colonel Antonin Dovchenko, Spalko's second-in-command. His character stands in for the heavily built henchmen that Pat Roach played in the three previous films, as Roach died in 2004 from throat cancer.[15]Joel Stoffer and Neil Flynn have minor roles as FBI agents interrogating Indiana in a scene following the opening sequence. Alan Dale plays General Ross, who protests his innocence. Andrew Divoff and Pasha D. Lychnikoff play Soviet soldiers. Spielberg cast Russian-speaking actors as Soviet soldiers so their accents would be authentic.[11]Dimitri Diatchenko plays Spalko's right-hand man who battles Indiana at Marshall College. Diatchenko bulked up to 250 pounds to look menacing, and his role was originally minor with ten days of filming. When shooting the fight, Ford accidentally hit his chin, and Spielberg liked Diatchenko's humorous looking reaction, so he expanded his role to three months of filming.[33]Ernie Reyes Jr. plays a cemetery guard.
Sean Connery turned down an offer to cameo as Henry Jones Sr., as he found retirement too enjoyable.[34] Lucas stated that in hindsight it was good that Connery did not briefly appear, as it would disappoint the audience when his character would not join the film's adventure.[35] Ford joked, 'I'm old enough to play my own father in this one.'[7] The film addresses Connery's absence by Indiana implying that both Henry, Sr. and Marcus Brody (played by Denholm Elliott in the previous films, who died in 1992) died before the film's events. Connery later stated that he liked the film, describing it as 'rather good and rather long.'[36]Michael Sheard, who portrayed Adolf Hitler in the third film, expressed interest in appearing in the film, but he died in August 2005.[37]
John Rhys-Davies was asked to reprise his role as Sallah as a guest in the wedding scene. He turned it down as he felt his character deserved a more substantial role.[38]
Production[edit]Development[edit]
The second draft's prologue is set in Borneo in 1949, with Indiana proposing to Dr. Elaine McGregor after defeating pirates. She abandons him at the altar, because the government requests her aid in decoding an alien cylinder (covered in Egyptian, Mayan and Sanskrit symbols) in New Mexico. Indiana pursues her, and battles Russians agents and aliens for the cylinder.The script featured army ants, a rocket sled fight, Indiana surviving an atomic explosion by sealing himself in a fridge, and a climactic battle between the U.S. military and flying saucers. Henry Jones Sr., Short Round, Sallah, Marion Ravenwood and Willie cameo at Indiana and Elaine's wedding(s). Indiana is also a former colonel and was assigned to the O.S.S. during World War II.
â Indiana Jones and the Saucer Men from Mars script by Jeb Stuart, dated February 20, 1995[39]
During the late 1970s, George Lucas and Steven Spielberg made a deal with Paramount Pictures for five Indiana Jones films.[40] Following the 1989 release of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Lucas let the series end as he felt he could not think of a good plot device to drive the next installment. He chose instead to produce the television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, which explored the character in his early years.[16] Harrison Ford played Indiana in one episode, narrating his adventures in 1920 Chicago. When Lucas shot Ford's role in December 1992, he realized the scene opened up the possibility of a film with an older Indiana set in the 1950s. The film could reflect a science fiction 1950s B-movie, with aliens as the plot device.[16] Meanwhile, Spielberg believed he was going to mature as a filmmaker after making the trilogy, and felt his role in any future installments would be relegated to that of producer.[27]
Ford disliked the new angle, telling Lucas, 'No way am I being in a Steven Spielberg movie like that.'[17] Spielberg himself, who depicted aliens in Close Encounters of the Third Kind and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, resisted it. Lucas came up with a story, which Jeb Stuart turned into a script from October 1993 to May 1994.[16] (Stuart had previously written The Fugitive, which starred Ford.) Lucas wanted Indiana to get married, which would allow Henry Jones, Sr. to return, expressing concern over whether his son is happy with what he has accomplished. After he learned that Joseph Stalin was interested in psychic warfare, he decided to have Soviets as the villains and the aliens to have psychic powers.[41] Following Stuart's next draft, Lucas hired Last Crusade writer Jeffrey Boam to write the next three versions, the last of which was completed in March 1996. Three months later, Independence Day was released, and Spielberg told Lucas he would not make another alien invasion film. Lucas decided to focus on the Star Wars prequels.[16]
In a 2000 interview, Spielberg said that his children constantly asked when he would make the next Indiana Jones film, and that the project would soon be revived.[42] The same year, Ford, Lucas, Spielberg, Frank Marshall and Kathleen Kennedy met during the American Film Institute's tribute to Ford, and decided they wanted to enjoy the experience of making an Indiana Jones film again. Spielberg also found returning to the series a respite from his many dark films during this period, such as A.I. Artificial Intelligence, Minority Report, and Munich.[18] Lucas convinced Spielberg to use aliens in the plot by saying they were not 'extraterrestrials', but 'interdimensional', with this concept taking inspiration in the superstring theory.[27] Spielberg and Lucas discussed the central idea of a B-movie involving aliens, and Lucas suggested using the crystal skulls to ground the idea. Lucas found those artifacts as fascinating as the Ark of the Covenant,[43] and had intended to feature them for a Young Indiana Jones episode before the show's cancellation.[16]M. Night Shyamalan was hired to write for an intended 2002 shoot,[42] but he was overwhelmed writing a sequel to a film he loved like Raiders of the Lost Ark, and claimed it was difficult to get Ford, Spielberg and Lucas to focus.[44]Stephen Gaghan and Tom Stoppard were also approached.[42]
Frank Darabont, who wrote various Young Indiana Jones episodes, was hired to write in May 2002.[45] His script, entitled Indiana Jones and the City of Gods,[16] was set in the 1950s, with ex-Nazis pursuing Jones.[46] Spielberg conceived the idea because of real life figures such as Juan Perón in Argentina, who protected Nazi war criminals.[16] Darabont claimed Spielberg loved the script, but Lucas had issues with it, and decided to take over writing himself.[16] Lucas and Spielberg acknowledged the 1950s setting could not ignore the Cold War, and the Soviets were more plausible villains. Spielberg decided he could not satirize the Nazis after directing Schindler's List,[10] while Ford noted, 'We plum[b] wore the Nazis out.'[17]
Jeff Nathanson met with Spielberg and Lucas in August 2004, and turned in the next drafts in October and November 2005, titled The Atomic Ants. David Koepp continued on from there, giving his script the subtitle Destroyer of Worlds,[16] based on the J. Robert Oppenheimerquote. It was changed to Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, as Spielberg found it more inviting a title and actually named the plot device of the crystal skulls. Lucas insisted on the Kingdom part.[47] Koepp's 'bright [title] idea' was Indiana Jones and the Son of Indiana Jones, and Spielberg had also considered having the title name the aliens as The Mysterians, but dropped that when he remembered that was another film's title.[27] Koepp collaborated with Raiders of the Lost Ark screenwriter Lawrence Kasdan on the film's 'love dialogue.'[9]
Filming[edit]
The production crew converts a storefront in downtown New Haven, Connecticut, to be used in a scene set in the 1950s.
Unlike the previous Indiana Jones films, Spielberg shot the entire film in the United States, stating he did not want to be away from his family.[48] Shooting began on June 18, 2007, in Deming, New Mexico.[30][49] An extensive chase scene set at the fictional Marshall College was filmed between June 28 and July 7 at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut (where Spielberg's son Theo was studying).[49][50][51] To keep in line with the fact the story takes place in the 1950s, several facades were changed, although signs were put up in between shots to tell the public what the store or restaurant actually was.
Harrison Ford and Shia LaBeouf's stunt doubles during filming in 2007 in New Haven, Connecticut.
Afterwards, they filmed scenes set in the Amazon jungle in Hilo, Hawaii until August.[51]Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull was the biggest film shot in Hawaii since Waterworld, and was estimated to generate US$22 million to $45 million in the local economy.[52] Because of an approaching hurricane, Spielberg was unable to shoot a fight at a waterfall, so he sent the second unit to film shots of Brazil's and Argentina's Iguazu Falls. These were digitally combined into the fight, which was shot at the Universal backlot.[51]
Half the film was scheduled to shoot on five sound stages at Los Angeles:[53]Downey, Sony, Warner Bros., Paramount and Universal.[25] Filming moved to Chandler Field in Fresno, California, substituting for Mexico City International Airport, on October 11, 2007.[54] After shooting aerial shots of Chandler Airport and a DC-3 on the morning of October 12, 2007, filming wrapped.[55][56] Although he originally found no need for re-shoots after viewing his first cut of the film,[46] Spielberg decided to add an establishing shot filmed on February 29, 2008, in Pasadena, California.[57]
Design[edit]
Spielberg and Janusz KamiÅski, who has shot all of the director's films since 1993's Schindler's List, reviewed the previous films to study Douglas Slocombe's style. 'I didn't want Janusz to modernize and bring us into the 21st century', Spielberg explained. 'I still wanted the film to have a lighting style not dissimilar to the work Doug Slocombe had achieved, which meant that both Janusz and I had to swallow our pride. Janusz had to approximate another cinematographer's look, and I had to approximate this younger director's look that I thought I had moved away from after almost two decades.'[43] Spielberg also hired production designer Guy Hendrix Dyas after admiring his design work for Superman Returns. Spielberg did not want to fast cut action scenes, relying on his script instead for a fast pace,[43] and had confirmed in 2002 that he would not shoot the film digitally, a format Lucas had adopted.[58] Lucas felt 'it looks like it was shot three years after Last Crusade. The people, the look of it, everything. You'd never know there was 20 years between shooting.'[48] KamiÅski commented upon watching the three films back-to-back, he was amazed how each of them advanced technologically, but were all nevertheless consistent, neither too brightly or darkly lit.[4]
While shooting War of the Worlds in late 2004, Spielberg met with stunt coordinator Vic Armstrong, who doubled for Ford in the previous films, to discuss three action sequences he had envisioned.[59] However, Armstrong was filming The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor during shooting of Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, so Dan Bradley was hired instead.[60] Bradley and Spielberg used previsualization for all the action scenes, except the motorcycle chase at Marshall College, because that idea was conceived after the animators had left. Bradley drew traditional storyboards instead, and was given free rein to create dramatic moments, just as Raiders of the Lost Arksecond unit director Michael D. Moore did when filming the truck chase.[14] Spielberg improvised on set, changing the location of Mutt and Spalko's duel from the ground to on top of vehicles.[4]
The Ark of the Covenant is seen in a broken crate during the Hangar 51 opening sequence. Lucasfilm used the same prop from Raiders of the Lost Ark. Guards were hired to protect the highly sought-after piece of film memorabilia during the day of its use. A replica of the staff carried by Charlton Heston in The Ten Commandments was also used to populate the set to illustrate the Hangar's history.[47]
Effects[edit]
Stunts involving vehicles were shot on location in Hawaii, while CGI was used to add plants to the forest
Producer Frank Marshall stated in 2003 that the film would use traditional stunt work so as to be consistent with the previous films.[61]CGI was used to remove the visible safety wires on the actors when they did their stunts (such as when Indy swings on a lamp with his whip).[14] Timed explosives were used for a scene where Indiana drives a truck through crates. During the take, an explosive failed to detonate and landed in the seat beside Ford. It did not go off and he was not injured.[62]
Spielberg stated before production began that very few CGI effects would be used to maintain consistency with the other films. During filming significantly more CGI work was done than initially anticipated as in many cases it proved to be more practical. There ended up being a total of about 450 CGI shots in the film, with an estimated 30 percent of the film's shots containing CG matte paintings.[56] Spielberg initially wanted brushstrokes to be visible on the paintings for added consistency with the previous films, but decided against it.[17] The script also required a non-deforested jungle for a chase scene, but this would have been unsafe and much CGI work was done to create the jungle action sequence. Visual effects supervisorPablo Helman (who worked on Lucas' Star Wars: Episode I â The Phantom Menace and Star Wars: Episode II â Attack of the Clones as well as Spielberg's War of the Worlds and Munich) traveled to Brazil and Argentina to photograph elements that were composited into the final images. Industrial Light and Magic then effectively created a virtual jungle with a geography like the real Amazon.[63]
The appearance of a live alien and flying saucer was in flux. Spielberg wanted the alien to resemble a Grey alien, and also rejected early versions of the saucer that looked 'too Close Encounters'. Art director Christian Alzmann said the aesthetic was 'looking at a lot of older B-movie designsâbut trying to make that look more real and gritty to fit in with the Indy universe.' Other reference for the visual effects work included government tapes of nuclear tests, and video reference of real prairie dogs shot in 1080p by Nathan Edward Denning.[64]
Music[edit]
John Williams
John Williams began composing the score in October 2007;[65] ten days of recording sessions wrapped on March 6, 2008, at Sony Pictures Studios.[66] Williams described composing for the Indiana Jones universe again as 'like sitting down and finishing a letter that you started 25 years ago'. He reused Indiana's theme (The Raiders March) and also Marion's from Raiders of the Lost Ark, and also composed five new motifs for Mutt, Spalko and the skull. Williams gave Mutt's a swashbuckling feel, and homaged film noir and 1950s B-movies for Spalko and the crystal skull respectively. The movie's first scene is accompanied by Elvis Presley's 1956 version of 'Hound Dog', arguably the biggest hit of the movie's era, and an RIAA certified 4X Platinum recording. As an in-joke, Williams incorporated a measure and a half of Johannes Brahms' 'Academic Festival Overture' when Indiana and Mutt crash into the library. The soundtrack features a Continuum, an instrument often used for sound effects instead of music.[67] The Concord Music Group released the soundtrack on May 20, 2008.[68]
Release[edit]
The Kingdom of the Crystal Skull premiered at the Cannes Film Festival on May 18, 2008, a couple of days ahead of its worldwide May 21â23 release. It was the first Spielberg film since 1982's E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial to premiere at Cannes.[69] The film was released in approximately 4,000 theaters in the United States, and dubbed into 25 languages for its worldwide release.[43] More than 12,000 release prints were distributed, which is the largest in Paramount Pictures' history.[70] Although Spielberg insisted his films only be watched traditionally at theaters, Paramount chose to release the film in digital cinemas as part of a scheme to convert 10,000 U.S. cinemas to the format.[71]The Kingdom of the Crystal Skull is also notable for being the last film in the series to be distributed by Paramount, as Walt Disney Studios will release the upcoming fifth film, since its parent company's acquisition of Lucasfilm in 2012.
Secrecy[edit]
Frank Marshall remarked, 'In today's information age, secrecy has been a real challenge. ⦠People actually said, 'No, we're going to respect Steven's vision.' Prior to release, moviegoers on the Internet scrutinized numerous photos and the film's promotional Lego sets in hope of understanding plot details. Spielberg biographer Ian Freer wrote, 'What Indy IV is actually about has been the great cultural guessing game of 2007/08. Yet, it has to be said, there is something refreshing about being ten weeks away from a giant blockbuster and knowing next to nothing about it.'[14] To distract investigative fans from the film's title during filming,[72] five fake titles were registered with the Motion Picture Association of America; The City of Gods, The Destroyer of Worlds, The Fourth Corner of the Earth, The Lost City of Gold and The Quest for the Covenant.[73] Lucas and Spielberg had also wanted to keep Karen Allen's return a secret until the film's release, but decided to confirm it at the 2007 Comic-Con.[74]
An extra in the film, Tyler Nelson, violated his nondisclosure agreement in an interview with The Edmond Sun on September 17, 2007, which was then picked up by the mainstream media. It is unknown if he remained in the final cut.[75] At Nelson's request, The Edmond Sun subsequently pulled the story from its website.[76] On October 2, 2007, a Superior Court order was filed finding that Nelson knowingly violated the agreement. The terms of the settlement were not disclosed.[77] A number of production photos and sensitive documents pertaining to the film's production budget were also stolen from Spielberg's production office. The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department set up a sting operation after being alerted by a webmaster that the thief might try to sell the photos. On October 4, 2007, the seller, 37-year-old Roderick Eric Davis, was arrested. He pleaded guilty to two felony counts and was sentenced to two years and four months in prison.[14][78][79]
Marketing[edit]
Howard Roffman, President of Lucas Licensing, attributed the film's large marketing campaign to it having been 'nineteen years since the last film, and we are sensing a huge pent-up demand for everything Indy'.[80] Marketing relied heavily on the public's nostalgia for the series, with products taking inspiration from all four films. Paramount spent at least $150 million to promote the film,[81] whereas most film promotions range from $70 to 100 million. As well as fans, the film also needed to appeal to younger viewers.[82] Licensing deals include Expedia, Dr Pepper, Burger King, M&M's, and Lunchables.[82] Paramount sponsored an Indiana Jones open wheel car for Marco Andretti in the 2008 Indianapolis 500, and his racing suit was designed to resemble Indiana Jones's outfit.[83] The distributor also paired with M&M's to sponsor the #18 Joe Gibbs RacingToyota, with NASCAR driver Kyle Busch behind the wheel, in the 2008 Dodge Challenger 500 at Darlington Raceway.[84] Kyle Busch and the #18 team won the race and visited victory lane with Indiana Jones on the car.[85] With the film's release, producer Frank Marshall and UNESCO worked together to promote conservation of World Heritage Sites around the world.[86][87]Disneyland hosted 'Indiana Jones Summer of Hidden Mysteries' to promote the film's release.[88]
The Boston-based design studio Creative Pilot created the packaging style for the film's merchandise, which merged Drew Struzan's original illustrations 'with a fresh new look, which showcases the whip, a map and exotic hieroglyphic patterns'.[89]Hasbro, Lego, Sideshow Collectibles, Topps, Diamond Select, Hallmark Cards,[90] and Cartamundi all sold products.[91] A THQmobile game based on the film was released,[92] as was a Lego video game based on the past films.[93][94] Lego also released a series of computer-animated spoofs, Lego Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Brick, directed by Peder Pedersen.[95]Stern Pinball released a new Indiana Jones pinball machine, designed by John Borg, based on all four films.[96] From October 2007 to April 2008, the re-edited episodes of The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles were released in three DVD box sets.[97]
Random House, Dark Horse Comics, Diamond Comic Distributors, Scholastic, and DK published books,[80] including James Rollins' novelization of Kingdom of the Crystal Skull,[98] a two-issue comic book adaptation written by John Jackson Miller and drawn by Luke Ross (Samurai: Heaven and Earth), children's novelizations of all four films,[99] the Indiana Jones Adventures comic book series aimed at children,[100] and the official Indiana Jones Magazine.[101] Scholastic featured Indiana and Mutt on the covers of Scholastic News and Scholastic Maths, to the concern of parents, though Jack Silbert, editor of the latter, felt the film would interest children in archaeology.[82]
Home media[edit]
The film was released on Blu-ray Disc and DVD in North America on October 14, 2008[102] and in the U.K. on November 10.[103] This release includes a two-disc edition Blu-ray, a two-disc special-edition DVD, and a one-disc edition DVD.[102] The film made its worldwide television premiere on USA on December 9, 2010.[citation needed] On September 18, 2012, it was re-released on Blu-ray as part of Indiana Jones: The Complete Adventures.[104]
Indiana Jones 2 Nd Dual Movie online, free
Several collectible editions have also been released. For example: Best Buy's gift set includes a replica crystal skull from Sideshow Collectibles and a $25 gift card to Sideshowcollectibles.com; Kmart's giveaway of four mini-posters comprises Lego replicas of the original Indiana Jones theatrical posters; and Target's DVD package includes an 80-page hardcover book of behind-the-scenes photographs.[105]
As of October 16, 2013, the film has made $117,239,631 in revenue.[106]
Lawsuit[edit]
The director of the Institute of Archaeology of Belize, Dr. Jaime Awe, sued Lucasfilm, Disney and Paramount Pictures on behalf of the country Belize for using the Mitchell-Hedges skull's 'likeness' in the film.[107]
Reception[edit]Box office[edit]
Indiana Jones is distributed by one entity, Paramount, but owned by another, Lucasfilm. The pre-production arrangement between the two organizations granted Paramount 12.5% of the film's revenue. As the $185 million budget was larger than the original $125 million estimate,[73] Lucas, Spielberg and Ford turned down large upfront salaries so Paramount could cover the film's costs. In order for Paramount to see a profit beyond its distribution fee, the film had to make over $400 million. At that point, Lucas, Spielberg, Ford, and those with smaller profit-sharing deals would also begin to collect their cut.[81]
Indiana Jones 2 Full Movie
The film was released on Thursday, May 22, 2008, in North America and grossed $25 million its opening day.[108] In its opening weekend, the film grossed an estimated $101 million in 4,260 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking number one at the box office,[109] and making it the third-widest opening of all time.[110] Within its first five days of release, it grossed $311 million worldwide. The film's total $151 million gross in the U.S. ranked it as the second-biggest Memorial Day weekend release, behind Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End.[111] It was the third-most successful film of 2008 domestically, behind The Dark Knight and Iron Man, respectively,[112] and the year's second-highest-grossing film internationally, behind The Dark Knight.[113] In February 2010, it was the 25th-highest-grossing film of all time domestically, and 44th-highest-grossing worldwide, as well as the most financially successful Indiana Jones film when not adjusted for inflation of ticket prices.[114][115]
2 Nd Grade MathCritical reception[edit]
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull received strongly polarized but mostly positive reviews; as a result, it has been nominated both for numerous 'best of' and 'worst of' awards. Review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 78% based on 270 reviews, with an average rating of 6.93/10. The website's critical consensus reads, 'Though the plot elements are certainly familiar, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull still delivers the thrills and Harrison Ford's return in the title role is more than welcome.'[116] Another aggregator, Metacritic, gives the film a weighted average rating of 65 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating 'generally favorable reviews'.[117] Surveys conducted by CinemaScore indicated an average rating of 'B' from audiences, on an A+ to F scale, down from the previous film's 'A'.[118]
Roger Ebert gave the film three and a half stars out of four, the same rating he gave The Last Crusade, finding it 'same old, same old', but what 'I want it to be', particularly as 'a lover of pulp fiction': 'What I want is goofy actionâlots of it. I want man-eating ants, swordfights between two people balanced on the backs of speeding jeeps, subterranean caverns of gold, vicious femme fatales, plunges down three waterfalls in a row, and the explanation for flying saucers. And throw in lots of monkeys.'[119]Leonard Maltin also gave the film 3½ stars out of 4, more than he gave Temple of Doom and Last Crusade, and wrote that 'Indy returns with the same brand of high adventure that marked the original Raiders of the Lost Ark.'[120]Empire's Damon Wise criticized the use of CG but praised Ford's performance and wrote that 'It won't change your life but, if you're in the right frame of mind, it will change your mood: you might wince, you might groan, you might beg to differ on the big, silly climax, but you'll never stop smiling.'[121]
James Berardinelli gave the film 2 stars out of 4, calling it 'the most lifeless of the series' and 'simply [not] a very good motion picture.'[122]Margaret Pomeranz of At the Movies gave the film 2½ stars out of 5, saying that the filmmakers 'had 19 years since the last Indiana Jones movie to come up with something truly exciting and fresh, but I feel there's a certain laziness and cynicism in this latest adventure.'[123]Associated Press reported that J. Sperling Reich, writing for FilmStew.com, said: 'It really looked like they were going through the motions. It really looked like no one had their heart in it.'[124]USA Today stated reviews were 'mixed' and reviewers felt the 'movie suffers from predictable plot points and cheesy special effects.'[125]
The film was nominated for Best Action Movie at the 2009 Critics' Choice Awards.[126] The Visual Effects Society nominated it for Best Single Visual Effect of the Year (the valley destruction), Best Outstanding Matte Paintings, Best Models and Miniatures, and Best Created Environment in a Feature Motion Picture (the inside of the temple).[127] The film ranks 453rd on Empire's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time.[128] It was nominated at the Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Supporting Actor, Best Costumes and Best Special Effects. It won Best Costumes.[129] At the 51st Grammy Awards, John Williams won an award for the Mutt Williams theme.[130]
In 2009, the film won the Razzie Award for Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel.[131][132]Comcast voted it the 11th-worst film sequel of all time.[133]Paste magazine ranked the movie 10th on its list 'The 20 Worst Sequels to Good Movies'.[134] Listverse.com ranked the film 8th on its list of the 'Top 10 Worst Movie Sequels'.[135]
International reaction[edit]
The Communist Party of the Russian Federation called for a ban on the film, accusing the production team of 'demonizing' the Soviet Union.[136] A party official said: 'In 1957 the USSR was not sending terrorists to America but sending the Sputnik satellite into space!'[137] Spielberg responded: 'When we decided the fourth installment would take place in 1957, we had no choice but to make the Russians the enemies. World War II had just ended and the Cold War had begun. The U.S. didn't have any other enemies at the time.'[138] The film's depiction of Peru also received criticism from the Peruvian and Spanish-speaking public.[139][140]
Audience reception and legacy[edit]
According to Associated Press, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull received a 'respectful' but 'far from glowing' reception from Indiana Jones fans, and that 'some viewers at its first press screening loved it, some called it slick and enjoyable though formulaic, some said it was not worth the 19-year wait.'[124]South Park parodied the film in the episode 'The China Probrem', broadcast five months after the film's release. The episode parodied the negative fan reaction, with the characters filing a police report against Lucas and Spielberg for 'raping Indiana Jones'.[141]
Some disappointed Indiana Jones fans used the term 'nuking the fridge', a reference to the scene in which Jones survives a nuclear blast by hiding in a refrigerator, to denote the point when a franchise crosses into the absurd, similar to 'jumping the shark'. This phrase has appeared across the internet,[142] and was chosen as #5 on Time magazine's list of 'top ten buzzwords' of 2008.[143] Asked about the scene and phrase, Spielberg said: 'Blame me. Don't blame George. That was my silly idea ⦠I'm proud of that. I'm glad I was able to bring that into popular culture.'[144] Lucas denied this, saying Spielberg was 'protecting him'. According to Lucas, he had assembled a dossier of research data to convince Spielberg; Lucas stated that his research claimed the odds of surviving in the refrigerator are about '50-50.'[145]
The mixed fanbase reaction did not surprise Lucas, who was familiar with mixed response to the Star Warsprequels, and predicted that 'we're all going to get people throwing tomatoes at us.'[146] David Koepp said: 'I knew I was going to get hammered from a number of quarters [but] what I liked about the way the movie ended up playing was it was popular with families. I like that families really embraced it.'[147] Although Spielberg said 'I'm very happy with the movie. I always have been', he also said 'I sympathize with people who didn't like the MacGuffin [the interdimensional beings] because I never liked the MacGuffin.'[144]
At the 2010 Cannes Film Festival, LaBeouf told Los Angeles Times he had 'dropped the ball on the legacy that people loved and cherished' and felt that 'the movie could have been updated ⦠we just misinterpreted what we were trying to satiate.'[148] In 2011, in response to LaBeouf's comments, Harrison Ford said: 'I think I told [LaBeouf] he was a f***ing idiot ⦠As an actor, I think it's my obligation to support the film without making a complete ass of myself. Shia is ambitious, attentive and talentedâand he's learning how to deal with a situation which is very unique and difficult.'[149] LaBeouf said he regretted his comments and their effect on his relationship with Spielberg: 'He told me there's a time to be a human being and have an opinion, and there's a time to sell cars. It brought me freedom, but it also killed my spirits because this was a dude I looked up to like a sensei.'[150]
Film critic Matt Zoller Seitz praised the film despite its alienation of fans, understanding that the film was 'more an ensemble piece' compared to the previous films in the series, but adding that 'there was a point to this approach: 'Crystal Skull' was Spielberg's immense and spectacular version of an Old Man movie.... rather like the films Howard Hawks and John Ford were making in the mid- to late '60s'.[151] Seitz also considers the 'nuke the fridge' scene as one of the series' best, stating that 'It brings Indy forward into the world that birthed Steven Spielberg and his Boomer-fueled fantasies of earlier generations. And the construction of it, the shots and cuts, is brilliant. The ramping up. The satirical touches. And the 'nuclear family' pun at the heart of it.'[152][153]
Sequel[edit]
On March 15, 2016, Walt Disney Studios announced that Spielberg and Ford were both set to return for a fifth and final Indiana Jones film, scheduled for release in 2019.[154] Lucas will return as executive producer,[155] while Kennedy and Marshall will serve as producers and Koepp as screenwriter.[156] Williams will also return to compose the score.[157]
On April 24, 2017, Disney shifted the release date of the untitled Indiana Jones sequel from July 19, 2019 to July 10, 2020.[158] Spielberg confirmed that filming would begin in April 2019 in the United Kingdom.[159] In late 2017, David Koepp revealed that Shia LaBeouf's character Mutt Williams would not return.[160] In July 2018, Disney pushed the film's release date back to July 9, 2021.[161]
See also[edit]References[edit]
Further reading[edit]
External links[edit]
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